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lüll Regulation of interleukin-12/interleukin-23 production and the T-helper 17 response in humans Lyakh L; Trinchieri G; Provezza L; Carra G; Gerosa FImmunol Rev 2008[Dec]; 226 (ä): 112-31Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 share a common chain. Yet, their production in response to pathogens is differentially regulated, and their functions are distinct and often antithetic. IL-12 is involved in the induction or amplification of the T-helper (Th) type 1 response, whereas IL-23 has been associated with the generation of the Th17 response and IL-17 production. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and yeast zymosan induce IL-23, but in the absence of other stimuli, no IL-12 is induced in human dendritic cells (DCs). The stimulation of IL-23 by M. tuberculosis was mostly explained by the triggering of Toll-like receptor (TLR2) and the cytoplasmic receptor nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-containing protein 2, whereas zymosan induces IL-23 primarily by stimulating the beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 alone or in combination with TLR2. IL-23, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1), and IL-1beta in supernatants from activated human DCs induce human naive CD4(+) T cells to produce IL-17. These data are consistent with various recent reports that TGF-beta is an inducer of IL-17 production both in human and in mouse cells. However, IL-1 is necessary in combination with some or all of the other cytokines to induce IL-17 production in human T cells. The ability of various stimuli to induce Th17 cells depends not only on their induction of IL-23, IL-6, and TGF-beta production in DCs but also on their ability to activate directly or indirectly the inflammasome and to induce IL-1beta.|Cell Differentiation[MESH]|Dendritic Cells/*immunology[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/genetics/immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Interleukin-12/*biosynthesis[MESH]|Interleukin-17/immunology[MESH]|Interleukin-23/*biosynthesis[MESH]|Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*immunology[MESH]|Toll-Like Receptors/immunology[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology/metabolism[MESH]|Zymosan/immunology[MESH] |