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lüll Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues Lai SK; Wang YY; Hanes JAdv Drug Deliv Rev 2009[Feb]; 61 (2): 158-71Mucus is a viscoelastic and adhesive gel that protects the lung airways, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, vagina, eye and other mucosal surfaces. Most foreign particulates, including conventional particle-based drug delivery systems, are efficiently trapped in human mucus layers by steric obstruction and/or adhesion. Trapped particles are typically removed from the mucosal tissue within seconds to a few hours depending on anatomical location, thereby strongly limiting the duration of sustained drug delivery locally. A number of debilitating diseases could be treated more effectively and with fewer side effects if drugs and genes could be more efficiently delivered to the underlying mucosal tissues in a controlled manner. This review first describes the tenacious mucus barrier properties that have precluded the efficient penetration of therapeutic particles. It then reviews the design and development of new mucus-penetrating particles that may avoid rapid mucus clearance mechanisms, and thereby provide targeted or sustained drug delivery for localized therapies in mucosal tissues.|*Gene Transfer Techniques[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Drug Carriers/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Mucous Membrane/*metabolism[MESH]|Mucus/chemistry/*metabolism[MESH]|Nanoparticles/*administration & dosage[MESH]|Viscosity[MESH] |