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lüll Non-Smad pathways in TGF-beta signaling Zhang YECell Res 2009[Jan]; 19 (1): 128-39Transforming growth factor-beta utilizes a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smads to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-canonical, non-Smad pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. These non-Smad pathways include various branches of MAP kinase pathways, Rho-like GTPase signaling pathways, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of non-Smad pathways. In addition, functions of these non-Smad pathways are also discussed.|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|MAP Kinase Signaling System[MESH]|Oncogene Protein v-akt/physiology[MESH]|Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology[MESH]|Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/*physiology[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/*physiology[MESH]|rho GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology[MESH] |