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lüll JNK signaling in apoptosis Dhanasekaran DN; Reddy EPOncogene 2008[Oct]; 27 (48): 6245-51Jun N-terminal kinases or JNKs play a critical role in death receptor-initiated extrinsic as well as mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathways. JNKs activate apoptotic signaling by the upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes through the transactivation of specific transcription factors or by directly modulating the activities of mitochondrial pro- and antiapoptotic proteins through distinct phosphorylation events. This review analyses our present understanding of the role of JNK in apoptotic signaling and the various mechanisms by which JNK promotes apoptosis.|*Apoptosis/genetics[MESH]|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Cell Nucleus/enzymology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|MAP Kinase Kinase 4/*metabolism[MESH]|Mitochondria/enzymology[MESH]|Phosphorylation[MESH] |