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Connexins, pannexins, innexins: novel roles of "hemi-channels" Scemes E; Spray DC; Meda PPflugers Arch 2009[Apr]; 457 (6): 1207-26The advent of multicellular organisms, some 800 million years ago, necessitated the development of mechanisms for cell-to-cell synchronization and for the spread of signals across increasingly large cell populations [168, 185]. Many structures and mechanisms have evolved to achieve such functions [4, 15]. Among these mechanisms, one which is prominent in both the invertebrate and the vertebrate world, across the entire phylogenetic scale, involves the transmembrane flux of large cytosolic and extracellular molecules [, , , , -71, 121, 128, 129, 147, 154, 163]. These fluxes, in turn, are dependent on the formation of specific channels that in all animal classes are made by tetra-span integral membrane proteins [, , -71, 121, 128, 129, 147, 154, 163] (Fig. 1).|Animals[MESH]|Cell Communication/physiology[MESH]|Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology[MESH]|Connexins/*physiology[MESH]|Drosophila Proteins/physiology[MESH]|Gap Junctions/*physiology[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Ion Transport/physiology[MESH]|Membrane Proteins/physiology[MESH]|Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology[MESH]|Signal Transduction/physiology[MESH] |
