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lüll Techniques to improve the direct ex vivo detection of low frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers Chattopadhyay PK; Melenhorst JJ; Ladell K; Gostick E; Scheinberg P; Barrett AJ; Wooldridge L; Roederer M; Sewell AK; Price DACytometry A 2008[Nov]; 73 (11): 1001-9The ability to quantify and characterize antigen-specific CD8+ T cells irrespective of functional readouts using fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) tetramers in conjunction with flow cytometry has transformed our understanding of cellular immune responses over the past decade. In the case of prevalent CD8+ T cell populations that engage cognate pMHCI tetramers with high avidities, direct ex vivo identification and subsequent data interpretation is relatively straightforward. However, the accurate identification of low frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T cell populations can be complicated, especially in situations where T cell receptor-mediated tetramer binding occurs at low avidities. Here, we highlight a few simple techniques that can be employed to improve the visual resolution, and hence the accurate quantification, of tetramer binding CD8+ T cell populations by flow cytometry. These methodological modifications enhance signal intensity, especially in the case of specific CD8+ T cell populations that bind cognate antigen with low avidities, minimize background noise, and enable improved discrimination of true pMHCI tetramer binding events from nonspecific uptake.|Antigens/*immunology[MESH]|CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology[MESH]|Flow Cytometry/*methods[MESH]|Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*chemistry/*immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Peptides/*chemistry/*immunology[MESH]|Protein Multimerization[MESH] |