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lüll Cytonemes and tunneling nanotubules in cell-cell communication and viral pathogenesis Sherer NM; Mothes WTrends Cell Biol 2008[Sep]; 18 (9): 414-20Cells use a variety of intercellular structures, including gap junctions and synapses, for cell-cell communication. Here, we present recent advances in the understanding of thin membrane bridges that function in cell-cell signaling and intercellular transport. Cytonemes or filopodial bridges connect neighboring cells via mechanisms of adhesion, which enable ligand-receptor-mediated transfer of surface-associated cargoes from cell to cell. By contrast, tunneling nanotubes establish tubular conduits between cells that provide for the exchange of both cell-surface molecules and cytoplasmic content. We propose models for the biogenesis of both types of membrane bridges and describe how viruses use these structures for the purpose of cell-to-cell spread.|Animals[MESH]|Cell Adhesion/*physiology[MESH]|Cell Communication/*physiology[MESH]|Cell Surface Extensions/*physiology/ultrastructure[MESH]|Gap Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Intercellular Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure[MESH]|Pseudopodia/physiology/ultrastructure[MESH]|Synapses/physiology[MESH]|Viruses/metabolism[MESH] |