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lüll ATR: an essential regulator of genome integrity Cimprich KA; Cortez DNat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008[Aug]; 9 (8): 616-27Genome maintenance is a constant concern for cells, and a coordinated response to DNA damage is required to maintain cellular viability and prevent disease. The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR) protein kinases act as master regulators of the DNA-damage response by signalling to control cell-cycle transitions, DNA replication, DNA repair and apoptosis. Recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms that control ATR activation, have helped to explain the overlapping but non-redundant activities of ATR and ATM in DNA-damage signalling, and have clarified the crucial functions of ATR in maintaining genome integrity.|Animals[MESH]|Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins[MESH]|Carrier Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology[MESH]|DNA Damage/physiology[MESH]|DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Genomic Instability/*genetics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Nuclear Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Protein Processing, Post-Translational[MESH]|Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism/*physiology[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH] |