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lüll New twists in X-chromosome inactivation Erwin JA; Lee JTCurr Opin Cell Biol 2008[Jun]; 20 (3): 349-55Dosage compensation, the mechanism by which organisms equalize the relative gene expression of dimorphic sex chromosomes, requires action of a diverse range of epigenetic mechanisms. The mammalian form, 'named X-chromosome inactivation' (XCI), involves silencing of one X chromosome in the female cell and regulation by genes that make noncoding RNAs (ncRNA). With large-scale genomic and transcriptome studies pointing to a crucial role for noncoding elements in organizing the epigenome, XCI emerges as a major paradigm and a focus of active research worldwide. With more surprising twists, recent advances point to the significance of RNA-directed chromatin change, chromosomal trans-interactions, nuclear organization, and evolutionary change. These findings have impacted our understanding of general gene regulation and are discussed herein.|Animals[MESH]|Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/*genetics[MESH]|Chromosomes, Human, X/*genetics[MESH]|Dosage Compensation, Genetic/*genetics[MESH]|Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics[MESH]|Evolution, Molecular[MESH]|Gene Silencing/physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|RNA, Untranslated/genetics[MESH]|Repressor Proteins/genetics[MESH]|X Chromosome Inactivation/*genetics[MESH]|X Chromosome/*genetics[MESH] |