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Regulation of gene expression by hypoxia: integration of the HIF-transduced hypoxic signal at the hypoxia-responsive element Kaluz S; Kaluzova M; Stanbridge EJClin Chim Acta 2008[Sep]; 395 (1-2): 6-13Cells experiencing lowered O(2) levels (hypoxia) undergo a variety of biological responses in order to adapt to these unfavorable conditions. The master switch, orchestrating the cellular response to low O(2) levels, is the transcription factor, termed hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). The alpha subunits of HIF are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases that, in the presence of O(2), hydroxylate specific prolyl and asparaginyl residues of HIF-alpha, inducing its proteasome-dependent degradation and repression of transcriptional activity, respectively. Hypoxia inhibits oxygenases, stabilized HIF-alpha translocates to the nucleus, dimerizes with HIF-beta, recruits the coactivators p300/CBP, and induces expression of its transcriptional targets via binding to hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs). HREs are composite regulatory elements, comprising a conserved HIF-binding sequence and a highly variable flanking sequence that modulates the transcriptional response. In summary, the transcriptional response of a cell is the end product of two major functions. The first (trans-acting) is the level of activation of the HIF pathway that depends on regulation of stability and transcriptional activity of the HIF-alpha. The second (cis-acting) comprises the characteristics of endogenous HREs that are determined by the availability of transcription factors cooperating with HIF and/or individual HIF-alpha isoforms.|*Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|*Transcription, Genetic[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Cell Hypoxia/*genetics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/*genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Response Elements/*genetics/physiology[MESH]|Signal Transduction/*genetics/physiology[MESH] |
