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lüll Interleukin 21: a cytokine/cytokine receptor system that has come of age Leonard WJ; Zeng R; Spolski RJ Leukoc Biol 2008[Aug]; 84 (2): 348-56Interleukin-21 (IL-21) and its receptor represent the sixth cytokine system whose actions were recognized to require the common cytokine receptor gamma chain. IL-21 is produced by activated CD4+ T cells, natural killer T cells, and follicular T helper cells and has actions on a range of lymphohematopoietic lineages. Among its many effects, IL-21 serves a critical role for immunoglobulin production and terminal B cell differentiation, acts as a T cell comitogen and can drive the expansion of CD8+ T cells, can negatively regulate dendritic cell function and plays an essential role in the differentiation of Th17 cells. Importantly, IL-21 is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and exhibits potent actions as an antitumor agent. The ability to regulate and manipulate the actions of IL-21, therefore, has important implications for immunoregulation and the therapy of human disease.|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Autoimmunity[MESH]|Cytokines/*physiology[MESH]|Dendritic Cells/immunology/physiology[MESH]|Epithelial Cells/physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Interleukins/*physiology[MESH]|Keratinocytes/physiology[MESH]|Receptors, Cytokine/*physiology[MESH]|Receptors, Interleukin-21/*physiology[MESH]|Th2 Cells/immunology/physiology[MESH] |