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lüll Transcriptional control by PARP-1: chromatin modulation, enhancer-binding, coregulation, and insulation Kraus WLCurr Opin Cell Biol 2008[Jun]; 20 (3): 294-302The regulation of gene expression requires a wide array of protein factors that can modulate chromatin structure, act at enhancers, function as transcriptional coregulators, or regulate insulator function. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), an abundant and ubiquitous nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent addition of ADP-ribose polymers on a variety of nuclear proteins, has been implicated in all of these functions. Recent biochemical, genomic, proteomic, and cell-based studies have highlighted the role of PARP-1 in each of these processes and provided new insights about the molecular mechanisms governing PARP-1-dependent regulation of gene expression. In addition, these studies have demonstrated how PARP-1 functions as an integral part of cellular signaling pathways that culminate in gene-regulatory outcomes.|Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/*metabolism[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics[MESH]|Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics[MESH]|Genome/genetics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1[MESH]|Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/*biosynthesis[MESH]|Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/chemistry/*genetics[MESH]|Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics[MESH]|Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics[MESH]|Transcription, Genetic/*genetics[MESH] |