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lüll Contextual regulation of inflammation: a duet by transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 Li MO; Flavell RAImmunity 2008[Apr]; 28 (4): 468-76Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are regulatory cytokines with pleiotropic roles in the immune system. The prominent function of TGF-beta is to maintain T cell tolerance to self or innocuous environmental antigens via its direct effects on the differentiation and homeostasis of effector and regulatory T cells. A critical route for the regulation of T cells by TGF-beta is via activation of a T cell-produced latent form of TGF-beta1 by dendritic cell-expressed avbeta8 integrin. IL-10 operates primarily as a feedback inhibitor of exuberant T cell responses to microbial antigens. T cells are also the principal producers of IL-10, the expression of which is regulated by IL-27, IL-6, and TGF-beta. The collective activity of TGF-beta and IL-10 ensures a controlled inflammatory response specifically targeting pathogens without evoking excessive immunopathology to self-tissues.|Animals[MESH]|Feedback, Physiological/immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Infections/immunology/microbiology/pathology/virology[MESH]|Inflammation Mediators/metabolism/*physiology[MESH]|Inflammation/*immunology/metabolism/microbiology/pathology[MESH]|Interleukin-10/*physiology[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/metabolism/pathology[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/*physiology[MESH] |