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lüll Molecular physiology of bestrophins: multifunctional membrane proteins linked to best disease and other retinopathies Hartzell HC; Qu Z; Yu K; Xiao Q; Chien LTPhysiol Rev 2008[Apr]; 88 (2): 639-72This article reviews the current state of knowledge about the bestrophins, a newly identified family of proteins that can function both as Cl(-) channels and as regulators of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. The founding member, human bestrophin-1 (hBest1), was identified as the gene responsible for a dominantly inherited, juvenile-onset form of macular degeneration called Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Mutations in hBest1 have also been associated with a small fraction of adult-onset macular dystrophies. It is proposed that dysfunction of bestrophin results in abnormal fluid and ion transport by the retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in a weakened interface between the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. There is compelling evidence that bestrophins are Cl(-) channels, but bestrophins remain enigmatic because it is not clear that the Cl(-) channel function can explain Best disease. In addition to functioning as a Cl(-) channel, hBest1 also is able to regulate voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Some bestrophins are activated by increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, but whether bestrophins are the molecular counterpart of Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels remains in doubt. Bestrophins are also regulated by cell volume and may be a member of the volume-regulated anion channel family.|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Bestrophins[MESH]|Chloride Channels/chemistry/genetics/*physiology[MESH]|Eye Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Macular Degeneration/*genetics[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH]|Mutation, Missense[MESH]|Structure-Activity Relationship[MESH] |