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lüll CDK inhibitors: cell cycle regulators and beyond Besson A; Dowdy SF; Roberts JMDev Cell 2008[Feb]; 14 (2): 159-69First identified as cell cycle inhibitors mediating the growth inhibitory cues of upstream signaling pathways, the cyclin-CDK inhibitors of the Cip/Kip family p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2 have emerged as multifaceted proteins with functions beyond cell cycle regulation. In addition to regulating the cell cycle, Cip/Kip proteins play important roles in apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, cell fate determination, cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics. A complex phosphorylation network modulates Cip/Kip protein functions by altering their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and stability. These functions are essential for the maintenance of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, in processes ranging from embryonic development to tumor suppression.|*Cell Cycle[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Apoptosis[MESH]|Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Cytoskeleton/metabolism[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism[MESH] |