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lüll alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors Ushkaryov YA; Rohou A; Sugita SHandb Exp Pharmacol 2008[]; ä (184): 171-206alpha-Latrotoxin (alpha-LTX) from black widow spider venom induces exhaustive release of neurotransmitters from vertebrate nerve terminals and endocrine cells. This 130-kDa protein has been employed for many years as a molecular tool to study exocytosis. However, its action is complex: in neurons, alpha-LTX induces massive secretion both in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+) (e)) and in its absence; in endocrine cells, it usually requires Ca(2+) (e). To use this toxin for further dissection of secretory mechanisms, one needs an in-depth understanding of its functions. One such function that explains some alpha-LTX effects is its ability to form cation-permeable channels in artificial lipid bilayers. The mechanism of alpha-LTX pore formation, revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, involves toxin assembly into homotetrameric complexes which harbor a central channel and can insert into lipid membranes. However, in biological membranes, alpha-LTX cannot exert its actions without binding to specific receptors of the plasma membrane. Three proteins with distinct structures have been found to bind alpha-LTX: neurexin Ialpha, latrophilin 1, and receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma. Upon binding a receptor, alpha-LTX forms channels permeable to cations and small molecules; the toxin may also activate the receptor. To distinguish between the pore- and receptor-mediated effects, and to study structure-function relationships in the toxin, alpha-LTX mutants have been used.|Animals[MESH]|Calcium/physiology[MESH]|Cell Membrane/drug effects[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Models, Molecular[MESH]|Molecular Conformation[MESH]|Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism[MESH]|Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/antagonists & inhibitors[MESH]|Receptors, Drug/*drug effects[MESH]|Receptors, Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors[MESH]|Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/pharmacology[MESH]|Signal Transduction/drug effects[MESH]|Spider Venoms/chemistry/*pharmacology[MESH] |