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Toll-like receptors are key participants in innate immune responses Arancibia SA; Beltran CJ; Aguirre IM; Silva P; Peralta AL; Malinarich F; Hermoso MABiol Res 2007[]; 40 (2): 97-112During an infection, one of the principal challenges for the host is to detect the pathogen and activate a rapid defensive response. The Toll-like family of receptors (TLRs), among other pattern recognition receptors (PRR), performs this detection process in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. These type I transmembrane receptors identify microbial conserved structures or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recognition of microbial components by TLRs initiates signaling transduction pathways that induce gene expression. These gene products regulate innate immune responses and further develop an antigen-specific acquired immunity. TLR signaling pathways are regulated by intracellular adaptor molecules, such as MyD88, TIRAP/Mal, between others that provide specificity of individual TLR- mediated signaling pathways. TLR-mediated activation of innate immunity is involved not only in host defense against pathogens but also in immune disorders. The involvement of TLR-mediated pathways in auto-immune and inflammatory diseases is described in this review article.|Animals[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunity, Innate/*immunology/physiology[MESH]|Infections/*immunology/microbiology/virology[MESH]|Inflammation/*immunology/microbiology/virology[MESH]|Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/immunology[MESH]|NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase[MESH]|Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology[MESH]|Toll-Like Receptors/*immunology/physiology[MESH] |
