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Review article: minimizing tuberculosis during anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha treatment of inflammatory bowel disease Theis VS; Rhodes JMAliment Pharmacol Ther 2008[Jan]; 27 (1): 19-30BACKGROUND: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors are a major advance in the management of inflammatory bowel disease but increase the risk for tuberculosis (TB). AIM: To examine the reasons for the increase in the risk for TB and the strategies to reduce it. METHODS: PubMed searches were performed using search terms that included TB and each of the current anti-TNF-alpha biological agents and also TB and Crohn's disease. RESULTS: Increased susceptibility to TB, often with extrapulmonary or disseminated disease, occurs following treatment with all anti-TNF-alpha biological agents and amounts to a four- to 20-fold increased risk with infliximab. TB usually occurs shortly after anti-TNF-alpha initiation suggesting reactivation of latent infection. Animal studies show that TNF-alpha inhibition impairs inflammatory cell trafficking and granuloma formation. Currently recommended screening for latent TB typically, risk assessment, tuberculin skin testing and chest radiograph used prior to anti-TNF-alpha treatment can reduce TB rates by up to 90% but newer screening interferon gamma assays may enhance screening efficacy. Patients positive on screening who are treated with isoniazid and subsequently receive anti-TNF-alpha treatment still have approximately 19% risk for TB. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis following treatment with TNF-alpha inhibitors usually results from reactivation of latent disease. Screening reduces the risk substantially but does not completely eliminate it.|Animals[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*drug therapy[MESH]|Radiography, Thoracic[MESH]|Risk Assessment[MESH]|Tuberculin Test[MESH]|Tuberculosis/chemically induced/diagnosis/*prevention & control[MESH]|Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors[MESH] |
