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Human telomere, oncogenic promoter and 5 -UTR G-quadruplexes: diverse higher order DNA and RNA targets for cancer therapeutics Patel DJ; Phan AT; Kuryavyi VNucleic Acids Res 2007[]; 35 (22): 7429-55Guanine-rich DNA sequences can form G-quadruplexes stabilized by stacked G-G-G-G tetrads in monovalent cation-containing solution. The length and number of individual G-tracts and the length and sequence context of linker residues define the diverse topologies adopted by G-quadruplexes. The review highlights recent solution NMR-based G-quadruplex structures formed by the four-repeat human telomere in K(+) solution and the guanine-rich strands of c-myc, c-kit and variant bcl-2 oncogenic promoters, as well as a bimolecular G-quadruplex that targets HIV-1 integrase. Such structure determinations have helped to identify unanticipated scaffolds such as interlocked G-quadruplexes, as well as novel topologies represented by double-chain-reversal and V-shaped loops, triads, mixed tetrads, adenine-mediated pentads and hexads and snap-back G-tetrad alignments. The review also highlights the recent identification of guanine-rich sequences positioned adjacent to translation start sites in 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) of RNA oncogenic sequences. The activity of the enzyme telomerase, which maintains telomere length, can be negatively regulated through G-quadruplex formation at telomeric ends. The review evaluates progress related to ongoing efforts to identify small molecule drugs that bind and stabilize distinct G-quadruplex scaffolds associated with telomeric and oncogenic sequences, and outlines progress towards identifying recognition principles based on several X-ray-based structures of ligand-G-quadruplex complexes.|*G-Quadruplexes/drug effects[MESH]|*Oncogenes[MESH]|*Promoter Regions, Genetic[MESH]|5' Untranslated Regions/*chemistry[MESH]|DNA Repeat Expansion[MESH]|DNA/chemistry/drug effects[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Neoplasms/*drug therapy[MESH]|RNA/chemistry/drug effects[MESH]|Telomere/*chemistry[MESH] |
