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lüll Th17: the third member of the effector T cell trilogy Bettelli E; Korn T; Kuchroo VKCurr Opin Immunol 2007[Dec]; 19 (6): 652-7T helper responses have now grown to include three T cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and Th17. Th17 cells have recently emerged as a third independent T cell subset that may play an essential role in protection against certain extracellular pathogens. However, Th17 cells with specificity for self-antigens are highly pathogenic and lead to the development of inflammation and severe autoimmunity. A combination of TGF-beta plus IL-6 and the transcription factors STAT3 and RORgammat were recently described to be essential for initial differentiation of Th17 cells and IL-23 for the later stabilization of the Th17 cell subset. Here, we introduce another player IL-21 produced by Th17 themselves, which plays an important role in the amplification of Th17 cells. Thus, Th17 cells may undergo three distinct steps of development: differentiation, amplification and stabilization in which distinct cytokines play a role.|*Autoimmunity[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Cell Differentiation[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Interleukin-17/immunology/metabolism[MESH]|Interleukin-23/immunology/*metabolism[MESH]|Interleukin-6/immunology/*metabolism[MESH]|STAT3 Transcription Factor/immunology/metabolism[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*immunology/metabolism[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology/metabolism[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology/metabolism[MESH] |