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lüll Frontal-subcortical circuitry and behavior Bonelli RM; Cummings JLDialogues Clin Neurosci 2007[]; 9 (2): 141-51The neuropsychiatric manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases are closely linked to neurocircuitry defects. Frontal-subcortical circuits, in particular, are effector mechanisms that allow the organism to act on its environment. In this paper, we present the three main frontal-subcortical circuits: the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit allows the organization of information to facilitate a response; the anterior cingulate circuit is required for motivated behavior; and the orbitofrontal circuit allows the integration of limbic and emotional information into behavioral responses. Impaired executive functions, apathy, and impulsivity are hallmarks of frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction. A variety of other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and mood disorders may result from disturbances that have a direct or indirect impact on the integrity or functioning of these loops.|Animals[MESH]|Brain Diseases/*complications/physiopathology/*psychology[MESH]|Emotions/physiology[MESH]|Gyrus Cinguli/anatomy & histology/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Limbic System/anatomy & histology/physiology[MESH]|Mental Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology[MESH]|Mood Disorders/etiology/physiopathology[MESH]|Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/*physiology[MESH]|Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology[MESH] |