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lüll Tumor-suppressive activity of retinoic acid receptor-beta in cancer Xu XCCancer Lett 2007[Aug]; 253 (1): 14-24Retinoids, a group of structural and functional analogs of vitamin A, are known to regulate a large number of essential biological processes and to suppress carcinogenesis. The effects of retinoids are mainly mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors, which include retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Each receptor has three subtypes (alpha, beta, and gamma) and each subtype has different isoforms. Retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) has four isoforms that have different affinities to retinoids and different biological functions. Loss of expression of RAR-beta(2) during cancer development is associated with tumorigenesis and retinoid resistance; induction of its expression, on the other hand, can suppress carcinogenesis. Expression of another isoform, RAR-beta(4), is increased in various types of cancer. RAR-beta(4) transgenic mice develop hyperplasia and neoplasia in various tissues, and induction of RAR-beta(4) expression increases the growth of tumor cells that do not express RAR-beta(2). Future studies will focus on molecular pathways involving RAR-beta(2) and the role of RAR-beta(4) in cancer development.|Base Sequence[MESH]|Biomarkers/metabolism[MESH]|Forecasting[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH]|Neoplasms/*metabolism/prevention & control[MESH]|Protein Isoforms/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/*physiology[MESH] |