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Regulation of Smad activities Xu LBiochim Biophys Acta 2006[Nov]; 1759 (11-12): 503-13TGF-beta (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) cytokines employ Smad proteins as the intracellular mediator of signaling. Upon TGF-beta stimulation, the cytoplasmic Smads become phosphorylated and consequently accumulate in the nucleus to regulate target gene expression. The cytoplasm-to-nucleus redistribution of Smads, as well as the ability of Smads to activate or repress gene transcription, is under multiple layers of regulation by factors not limited to TGF-beta. With recent advance in the knowledge of regulatory factors impinged on Smads, we are beginning to understand the complexity in cellular responses to TGF-beta.|Animals[MESH]|Biological Transport/drug effects/physiology[MESH]|Cell Nucleus/metabolism[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Phosphorylation/drug effects[MESH]|Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated/metabolism[MESH]|Smad Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Smad4 Protein/metabolism[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology/*physiology[MESH] |
