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lüll Regulatory T cell-mediated suppression: potential role of ICER Bodor J; Fehervari Z; Diamond B; Sakaguchi SJ Leukoc Biol 2007[Jan]; 81 (1): 161-7How regulatory T (TR) cells dampen T cell responses remains unclear. Multiple modes of action have been proposed, including cell contact-dependent and/or cytokine-dependent mechanisms. Suppression may involve direct contact between TR cells and responder T cells. Alternatively, TR cells may act on dendritic cells to reduce their ability to prime T cells by modulating costimulation, inducing the secretion of suppressive cytokines or the increase of tryptophan metabolism. Here, we review emerging, novel mechanisms involved in contact-dependent, TR-mediated suppression of IL-2 production in responder CD25- T lymphocytes and the potential involvement of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) in this suppression. Finally, cytokines such as TGF-beta and IL-10, produced by TR cells or other cells, may exert local suppression, which can be conveyed by basic mechanism(s) acting in a similar manner as contact-dependent, TR-mediated suppression.|Animals[MESH]|Antigens, CD/metabolism[MESH]|Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism[MESH]|B7-1 Antigen/metabolism[MESH]|CTLA-4 Antigen[MESH]|Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator/*physiology[MESH]|Disease Models, Animal[MESH]|Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism[MESH]|Interleukin-2/metabolism[MESH]|Membrane Proteins/metabolism/physiology[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Models, Immunological[MESH]|Phosphoproteins/metabolism/physiology[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*metabolism/physiology[MESH]|Transcription, Genetic[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology[MESH] |