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lüll Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD-1-PD-1 ligand blockade Freeman GJ; Wherry EJ; Ahmed R; Sharpe AHJ Exp Med 2006[Oct]; 203 (10): 2223-7The programmed death (PD)-1-PD-1 ligand (PD-L) pathway, which is part of the B7-CD28 family, consists of the PD-1 receptor and its two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. Engagement of PD-1 by its ligands inhibits immune responses, and recent work has shown that PD-1 is highly expressed on exhausted T cells during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. Blockade of this pathway reinvigorates the exhausted T cells, allowing them to expand and produce effector cytokines, raising the issue of whether this pathway has been exploited by a variety of viruses during chronic infection. New studies now extend these observations to HIV infection and human disease.|*Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Arenaviridae Infections/*immunology[MESH]|B7-1 Antigen/immunology/*metabolism[MESH]|B7-H1 Antigen[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology[MESH]|HIV Infections/*immunology[MESH]|Ligands[MESH]|Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology/*metabolism[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Models, Immunological[MESH]|Peptides/immunology/*metabolism[MESH]|Signal Transduction/*immunology[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism/virology[MESH] |