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lüll TGFbeta, cardiac fibroblasts, and the fibrotic response Leask ACardiovasc Res 2007[May]; 74 (2): 207-12The cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is a major contributor to fibrogenic responses both in vitro and in vivo. TGFbeta possesses many functions; thus, broadly targeting TGFbeta signaling as an anti-fibrotic approach is anticipated to be problematic. Recent experiments, however, have begun to elucidate the signaling pathways through which TGFbeta activates a fibrotic program. This review critically evaluates the evidence supporting TGFbeta as a pro-fibrotic cytokine, with special attention to cardiac fibrosis, and suggests several possible points for selective drug intervention to combat chronic fibrotic disease.|Angiotensins/metabolism[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Cytokines/metabolism[MESH]|Fibroblasts/metabolism/pathology[MESH]|Fibrosis[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology[MESH]|Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism[MESH]|Signal Transduction/*physiology[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology/*metabolism[MESH] |