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lüll Regulation of Wnt signaling by protein-protein interaction and post-translational modifications Kikuchi A; Kishida S; Yamamoto HExp Mol Med 2006[Feb]; 38 (1): 1-10The Wnt signaling pathway is conserved in various species from worms to mammals, and plays important roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Wnt stabilizes cytoplasmic beta-catenin and then the accumulated beta-catenin is translocated into the nucleus, where it activates the transcriptional factor T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef), and thereby stimulates the expression of genes including c-myc, c-jun, fra-1, and cyclin D1. Tight regulation of this response involves post-translational modifications of the components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation have been shown to affect the half-life of beta-catenin and the transcriptional activity of Tcf/Lef. The precise spatio-temporal patterns of these multiple modifications determine the driving force of various cellular responses.|*Protein Processing, Post-Translational[MESH]|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|*Trans-Activators[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Binding Sites[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Protein Binding[MESH]|TCF Transcription Factors[MESH]|Wnt Proteins/classification/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|beta Catenin[MESH] |