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Recent advances in physiological calcium homeostasis Ramasamy IClin Chem Lab Med 2006[]; 44 (3): 237-73A constant extracellular Ca2+ concentration is required for numerous physiological functions at tissue and cellular levels. This suggests that minor changes in Ca2+ will be corrected by appropriate homeostatic systems. The system regulating Ca2+ homeostasis involves several organs and hormones. The former are mainly the kidneys, skeleton, intestine and the parathyroid glands. The latter comprise, amongst others, the parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin. Progress has recently been made in the identification and characterisation of Ca2+ transport proteins CaT1 and ECaC and this has provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ transport in cells. The G-protein coupled calcium-sensing receptor, responsible for the exquisite ability of the parathyroid gland to respond to small changes in serum Ca2+ concentration was discovered about a decade ago. Research has focussed on the molecular mechanisms determining the serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3, and on the transcriptional activity of the vitamin D receptor. The aim of recent work has been to elucidate the mechanisms and the intracellular signalling pathways by which parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin affect Ca2+ homeostasis. This article summarises recent advances in the understanding and the molecular basis of physiological Ca2+ homeostasis.|Calcitonin/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Calcium Channels/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Calcium/*metabolism[MESH]|Homeostasis/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism[MESH]|Kidney/metabolism[MESH]|Parathyroid Glands/*metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Transcription Factors[MESH]|Vitamin D/genetics/*metabolism[MESH] |
