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lüll Role of HMGB1 in cardiovascular diseases Li W; Sama AE; Wang HCurr Opin Pharmacol 2006[Apr]; 6 (2): 130-5A nuclear protein, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), is released passively by necrotic cells, and actively by macrophages/monocytes in response to exogenous and endogenous inflammatory stimuli. After binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), HMGB1 activates vascular endothelial cells and macrophages/monocytes to express proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Pharmacological suppression of its activities or release is protective against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis, establishing HMGB1 as a critical mediator of lethal systemic inflammation. In light of the pathogenic role of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, we propose that HMGB1, a proinflammatory cytokine derived from both injured endothelium and activated macrophages/monocytes, could contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.|*HMGB1 Protein/adverse effects/metabolism/physiology[MESH]|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Inflammation/*etiology[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH]|Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products[MESH]|Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism[MESH] |