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Cytotoxic T cells Andersen MH; Schrama D; Thor Straten P; Becker JCJ Invest Dermatol 2006[Jan]; 126 (1): 32-41The immune system is a complex arrangement of cells and molecules that preserve the integrity of the organism by elimination of all elements judged dangerous. Within the immune system, a humoral and a cellular as well as an innate and an adaptive arm can be differentiated. The key players of adaptive cellular immune responses are T lymphocytes in general and, for the effector function, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in particular. T lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus for maturation. During this process, T cells somatically rearrange gene segments, eventually leading to the expression of a unique antigen-binding molecule, the T-cell receptor (TCR). This receptor allows them to monitor all cells of the body, ready to destroy any cell posing a threat to the organism. Cytotoxicity is exerted directly through the Fas or perforin pathway and/or indirectly by the release of cytokines. Obviously, the activity of such a potent cell is tightly regulated. Indeed, a predominance of stimulatory over inhibitory signals is required for effective immune responses to pathogens, and a predominance of inhibitory over stimulatory signals is required for maintenance of self-tolerance. Still, several situations occur in which an inappropriate CTL response leads to either autoimmune disease or persistence of pathogens.|*Cytotoxicity, Immunologic[MESH]|Autoimmune Diseases/immunology[MESH]|Biomarkers/analysis[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology[MESH]|Immunologic Surveillance[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation[MESH]|Neoplasms/immunology[MESH]|Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology[MESH] |
