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lüll CZH proteins: a new family of Rho-GEFs Meller N; Merlot S; Guda CJ Cell Sci 2005[Nov]; 118 (Pt 21): 4937-46The Rho family of small GTPases are important regulators of multiple cellular activities and, most notably, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Dbl-homology (DH)-domain-containing proteins are the classical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) responsible for activation of Rho GTPases. However, members of a newly discovered family can also act as Rho-GEFs. These CZH proteins include: CDM (Ced-5, Dock180 and Myoblast city) proteins, which activate Rac; and zizimin proteins, which activate Cdc42. The family contains 11 mammalian proteins and has members in many other eukaryotes. The GEF activity is carried out by a novel, DH-unrelated domain named the DOCKER, CZH2 or DHR2 domain. CZH proteins have been implicated in cell migration, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, T-cell activation and neurite outgrowth, and probably arose relatively early in eukaryotic evolution.|*Multigene Family[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|Cytoskeletal Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|Drosophila Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/*chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|Plant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism[MESH]|rac GTP-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism[MESH] |