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lüll Lymphangiogenesis in human gynaecological cancers Van Trappen PO; Pepper MSAngiogenesis 2005[]; 8 (2): 137-45The metastatic spread of tumor cells is responsible for the majority of cancer deaths, and with few exceptions, all cancers can metastasize. Clinical findings have for a long time suggested that by providing a pathway for tumor cell dissemination, tumor-associated lymphatics act as key components of metastatic spread. This is believed to occur principally via pre-existing and possibly also newly formed lymphatics (lymphangiogenesis). Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D in primary tumors correlates with increased dissemination of tumor cells to regional lymph nodes (LNs) in a variety of human carcinomas. Here we will review the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis, particularly in the context of metastatic tumor spread, and will critically examine the role of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in this process in gynaecological cancers. Potential anti-lymphangiogenic strategies are also discussed.|Female[MESH]|Genital Neoplasms, Female/*physiopathology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Lymphangiogenesis/*physiology[MESH]|Neoplasm Metastasis/*physiopathology/*prevention & control[MESH]|Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/*metabolism[MESH]|Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D/*metabolism[MESH] |