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  lüll Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses Parola P; Davoust B; Raoult DVet Res  2005[May]; 36 (3): 469-92Between 1984 and 2004, nine more species or subspecies of spotted fever  rickettsiae were identified as emerging agents of tick-borne rickettsioses  throughout the world. Six of these species had first been isolated from ticks and  later found to be pathogenic to humans. The most recent example is Rickettsia  parkeri, recognized as a human pathogen more than 60 years after its initial  isolation from ticks. A new spotted fever rickettsia, R. felis was also found to  be associated with fleas and to be a human pathogen. Similarly, bacteria within  the family Anaplasmataceae have been considered to be of veterinary importance  only, yet three species have been implicated in human diseases in recent years,  including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis,  Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis (formerly known as  "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent", E. equi and E. phagocytophila), and  finally Ehrlichia ewingii, which causes granulocytic ehrlichiosis in humans. We  present here an overview of the various tick- and flea-borne rickettsial zoonoses  described in the last 20 years, focusing on the ecological, epidemiological and  clinical aspects.|Anaplasmosis/epidemiology[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Arthropod Vectors/*microbiology[MESH]|Communicable Diseases, Emerging[MESH]|Disease Reservoirs[MESH]|Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Rickettsia Infections/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology[MESH]|Siphonaptera/*microbiology[MESH]|Ticks/*microbiology[MESH]|Zoonoses/*epidemiology[MESH] |