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lüll Neuropeptide S: a new player in the modulation of arousal and anxiety Reinscheid RK; Xu YL; Civelli OMol Interv 2005[Feb]; 5 (1): 42-6Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a newly identified transmitter that modulates arousal and fear responses. NPS activates an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed throughout the central nervous system, including brain centers that regulate sleep/wakefulness and anxiety. In contrast, the NPS precursor mRNA is found only in a few discrete nuclei in the brainstem as well as in a few scattered cells in the hypothalamus and amygdala. The most prominent expression of NPS precursor is found in a previously uncharacterized cluster of neurons in the pontine area, located between the noradrenergic locus ceruleus and Barrington's nucleus. Central administration of NPS induces long-lasting arousal and suppresses all stages of sleep. In addition, NPS produces an anxiolytic profile in a variety of behavioral models. The unique pharmacological spectrum of NPS makes it an interesting target for pharmaceutical development. It also enhances our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of sleep/wakefulness regulation and the neuronal processing of stress.|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Anxiety/*metabolism[MESH]|Arousal/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH]|Nervous System/drug effects/metabolism[MESH]|Neuropeptides/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology[MESH]|Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism[MESH]|Stress, Physiological/metabolism[MESH] |