Warning: Undefined variable $zfal in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 530
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 531
English Wikipedia
Nephropedia Template TP (
Twit Text
DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing |
lüll Diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma Shields CL; Shields JACancer Control 2004[Sep]; 11 (5): 317-27BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma is a highly malignant tumor of the eye that manifests most often in the first 3 years of life. METHODS: Published articles were reviewed to evaluate the clinical features and current methods of diagnosis and to assess the trends in management. RESULTS: This malignancy leads to metastatic disease and death in 50% of children worldwide but in less than 5% of children in the United States and other developed nations with advanced medical care. Over the past decade, there has been a trend away from enucleation and external beam radiotherapy and toward chemoreduction followed by focal therapies. This is largely due to more effective chemotherapeutic regimens, improved focal treatment modalities, and the desire to avoid loss of the globe and/or exposure to radiotherapy. Chemoreduction and focal therapies are most successful for eyes with minimal to moderate retinoblastoma, with enucleation needed in less than 15% of cases. Eyes with very advanced retinoblastoma require enucleation in approximately 50% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Progress in the clinical recognition and management of retinoblastoma has led to high survival rates. Improved methods of treatment using chemoreduction and focal treatments without the need for external beam radiotherapy allow preservation of the eye in some cases, often with visual function.|Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use[MESH]|Child, Preschool[MESH]|Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13[MESH]|Combined Modality Therapy[MESH]|Cryotherapy/methods[MESH]|Diagnosis, Differential[MESH]|Eye Diseases/diagnosis[MESH]|Eye Enucleation/methods[MESH]|Eye Neoplasms/secondary[MESH]|Gene Deletion[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Hyperthermia, Induced/methods[MESH]|Infant[MESH]|Infant, Newborn[MESH]|Retinoblastoma/classification/*diagnosis/genetics/*therapy[MESH]|Risk Factors[MESH]|Treatment Outcome[MESH] |