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lüll Gene-regulatory interactions in neural crest evolution and development Meulemans D; Bronner-Fraser MDev Cell 2004[Sep]; 7 (3): 291-9In this review, we outline the gene-regulatory interactions driving neural crest development and compare these to a hypothetical network operating in the embryonic ectoderm of the cephalochordate amphioxus. While the early stages of ectodermal patterning appear conserved between amphioxus and vertebrates, later activation of neural crest-specific factors at the neural plate border appears to be a vertebrate novelty. This difference may reflect co-option of genetic pathways which conferred novel properties upon the evolving vertebrate neural plate border, potentiating the evolution of definitive neural crest.|*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Down-Regulation[MESH]|Ectoderm/metabolism[MESH]|Invertebrates/embryology[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Neural Crest/*embryology[MESH]|Phenotype[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH] |