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lüll Natural killer T cells as targets for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases Van Kaer LImmunol Cell Biol 2004[Jun]; 82 (3): 315-22CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a regulatory role during an immune response. The identification of alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a marine sponge-derived glycosphingolipid, as a potent stimulator of NKT cells led many laboratories to investigate the effects of NKT cell activation on the regulation of immune responses. These studies revealed that alpha-GalCer induces rapid and robust cytokine production by NKT cells, secondary activation of a variety of innate and adaptive immune cells, and modulation of Th cell responses. Further, alpha-GalCer influences disease progression in a variety of experimental models of autoimmunity and inflammation in mice, including models for type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis. While these studies have raised significant enthusiasm for manipulation of NKT cells as a means of preventing autoimmunity in the clinical setting, there are significant concerns regarding the safety of repeated alpha-GalCer injections in human subjects.|*Immunotherapy[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Antigens, CD1/*immunology[MESH]|Antigens, CD1d[MESH]|Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/*therapy[MESH]|Cytokines/immunology[MESH]|Galactosylceramides/*immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Killer Cells, Natural/immunology/*transplantation[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation/immunology[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*transplantation[MESH] |