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lüll Pathways for degradation of connexins and gap junctions Berthoud VM; Minogue PJ; Laing JG; Beyer ECCardiovasc Res 2004[May]; 62 (2): 256-67Gap junctional proteins, connexins, and gap junctional plaques are short-lived. Three pathways for their degradation have been proposed: (1) misfolded/abnormally oligomerized connexins are retrogradely translocated and degraded by the proteasome through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation; (2) connexins (as monomers or oligomers) may traffic directly from an early secretory compartment to the lysosome for degradation without reaching the plasma membrane; (3) connexins within gap junction plaques are degraded by the lysosome after endocytotic internalization. Degradation of gap junction plaques is proteasome-dependent in some cell types. Degradation may be regulated by ubiquitinylation, phosphorylation, or polypeptide domains that act as sorting signals.|*Paracrine Communication[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Connexins/*metabolism[MESH]|Gap Junctions/*metabolism[MESH]|Half-Life[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Lysosomes/metabolism[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology[MESH] |