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Multiple functions for CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of T cell responses: implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases Brunner-Weinzierl MC; Hoff H; Burmester GRArthritis Res Ther 2004[]; 6 (2): 45-54Chronic T cell responses, as they occur in rheumatoid arthritis, are complex and are likely to involve many mechanisms. There is a growing body of evidence that, in concert with the T cell antigen receptor signal, CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD152) are the primary regulators of T cell responses. Whereas CD28 primarily activates T cell processes, CTLA-4 inhibits them. The mechanism for this dichotomy is not fully understood, especially as CD28 and CTLA-4 recruit similar signalling molecules. In addition, recent studies demonstrate that CD28 and CTLA-4 have multiple functions during T cell responses. In particular, CTLA-4 exerts independent distinct effects during different phases of T cell responses that could be exploited for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.|Animals[MESH]|Antigens, CD[MESH]|Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism[MESH]|Arthritis/etiology/*metabolism[MESH]|Autoimmune Diseases/etiology/*metabolism[MESH]|CD28 Antigens/*metabolism[MESH]|CTLA-4 Antigen[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation/*physiology[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/*physiology[MESH] |
