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lüll The ins and outs of FoxO shuttling: mechanisms of FoxO translocation and transcriptional regulation Van Der Heide LP; Hoekman MF; Smidt MPBiochem J 2004[Jun]; 380 (Pt 2): 297-309FoxO (forkhead box O; forkhead members of the O class) are transcription factors that function under the control of insulin/insulin-like signalling. FoxO factors have been associated with a multitude of biological processes, including cell-cycle, cell death, DNA repair, metabolism and protection from oxidative stress. Central to the regulation of FoxO factors is a shuttling system, which confines FoxO factors to either the nucleus or the cytosol. Shuttling of FoxO requires protein phosphorylation within several domains, and association with 14-3-3 proteins and the nuclear transport machinery. Description of the FoxO-shuttling mechanism contributes to the understanding of FoxO function in relation to signalling and gene regulation.|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Forkhead Transcription Factors[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH]|Sequence Alignment[MESH]|Sequence Homology, Amino Acid[MESH]|Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Translocation, Genetic[MESH] |