Warning: Undefined variable $zfal in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 530
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 531
 
English Wikipedia
Nephropedia Template TP (
Twit Text
DeepDyve
Pubget Overpricing |  
lüll
Structures and models of transporter proteins Dahl SG; Sylte I; Ravna AWJ Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004[Jun]; 309 (3): 853-60Transporter proteins in biological membranes may be divided into channels and carriers. Channels function as selective pores that open in response to a chemical or electrophysiological stimulus, allowing movement of a solute down an electrochemical gradient. Active carrier proteins use an energy producing process to translocate a substrate against a concentration gradient. Secondary active transporters use the movement of a solute down a concentration gradient to drive the translocation of another substrate across a membrane. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the translocation of various substrates across cell membranes. High-resolution three-dimensional structures have now been reported from X-ray crystallographic studies of six different transporters, including two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These structures have explained the results from many previous biochemical and biological studies and shed new light on their functional mechanisms. All these transporters have alpha-helical structures of the membrane-spanning domains, as suggested from many previous studies, and some of the helices have irregular shapes with kinks and bends. Together these crystal structures demonstrate the large flexibility of transporter proteins and that substantial movements take place during the substrate translocation process, which to a certain extent may distinguish active carriers from channel proteins. These structures and other low-resolution structures of membrane proteins have served as a basis for construction of three-dimensional protein models that have provided insight into functional mechanisms and molecular structures and enabled formulation of new hypotheses regarding transporter structure and function, which may be experimentally validated.|ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry/classification[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Biological Transport[MESH]|Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/classification[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/classification[MESH]|Models, Molecular[MESH]|Protein Conformation[MESH] |
