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Listeria species escape from the phagosomes of interleukin-4-deactivated human macrophages independent of listeriolysin Neumann K; Eppler E; Filgueira L; Groscurth P; Gasal E; Schaffner A; Schoedon G; Schneemann MImmunol Cell Biol 2003[Dec]; 81 (6): 431-9Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of infections like sepsis and meningitis, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Human macrophages are able to phagocytose and digest L. monocytogenes but IL-4 prevents human macrophages from killing the bacteria, the mechanisms of which are unknown. In the present study, we examined various listeria species and strains including wild-type and deletion mutants in human macrophages pretreated with IL-4. To analyse the IL-4-mediated deactivation process, we combined quantitative infection assays with various morphologic methods. IL-4 facilitates survival and escape of the pathogenic L. monocytogenes wild-type strain 10403S from the macrophage phagosomes. In untreated macrophages, the isogenic listeriolysin deletion mutant strain DP-L2161 was killed and did not escape from the phagolysosomes. However, after macrophage deactivation with IL-4 DP-L2161 survived and escaped from the phagosomes. This was also the case, but to a lesser extent, even for the naturally avirulent L. innocua. As detected by confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, IL-4 permitted the escape of all listeria species tested, including DP-L2161 and L. innocua from the phagosomal compartment of the macrophages. We conclude that escape from the phagosome and survival of the listeria species tested in IL-4-deactivated human macrophages is independent of the virulence factor listeriolysin.|*Bacterial Toxins/genetics[MESH]|*Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics[MESH]|*Hemolysin Proteins/genetics[MESH]|Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology[MESH]|Cell Survival[MESH]|Cells, Cultured[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Interleukin-4/*pharmacology[MESH]|Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/*immunology/pathogenicity[MESH]|Macrophages/drug effects/*immunology/*microbiology[MESH]|Microscopy, Electron, Transmission[MESH]|Phagosomes/*immunology/microbiology[MESH]|Virulence[MESH] |
