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lüll The first step to understanding valve failure: an overview of pathology Schoen FJEur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992[]; 6 Suppl 1 (ä): S50-3The most frequent valve-related complications are thromboembolic problems (including anticoagulant-related hemorrhage), infective endocarditis, paravalvular leak, intrinsic degradative dysfunction, and extrinsic interference with function, including tissue overgrowth. Tissue overgrowth, endocarditis, and paravalvular leak are largely prosthesis-independent. Thrombosis, the major cause of mechanical valve dysfunction, is infrequent with bioprostheses; in contrast, the overwhelming cause of bioprosthetic valve failure is primary tissue degeneration.|*Prosthesis Failure[MESH]|Bioprosthesis/classification/*standards[MESH]|Causality[MESH]|Heart Valve Prosthesis/classification/*standards[MESH]|Hemodynamics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Models, Cardiovascular[MESH]|Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/*etiology/physiopathology[MESH]|Prosthesis Design/standards[MESH]|Stress, Mechanical[MESH]|Thromboembolism/*epidemiology/physiopathology[MESH]|Transplantation, Homologous/standards[MESH] |