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New intracellular components of bone morphogenetic protein/Smad signaling cascades Zwijsen A; Verschueren K; Huylebroeck DFEBS Lett 2003[Jul]; 546 (1): 133-9Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate many processes in the embryo, including cell type specification, patterning, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. They also act in soft and hard tissues in adult life. Their signals are transduced from the plasma membrane to the nucleus through a limited number of Smad proteins. The list of Smad-interacting proteins is however growing and it is clear that these partners determine the outcome of the signal. We summarize the present status in BMP/Smad signaling, with emphasis on recently identified Smad partners and how these proteins may cooperate in the regulation of the expression of BMP target genes.|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Apoptosis[MESH]|Body Patterning[MESH]|Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Embryo, Mammalian[MESH]|Epithelium[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Mesoderm[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Smad Proteins[MESH]|Trans-Activators/*metabolism[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism[MESH] |
