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lüll Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by scaffold proteins Hall RA; Lefkowitz RJCirc Res 2002[Oct]; 91 (8): 672-80The actions of many hormones and neurotransmitters are mediated through stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors. A primary mechanism by which these receptors exert effects inside the cell is by association with heterotrimeric G proteins, which can activate a wide variety of cellular enzymes and ion channels. G protein-coupled receptors can also interact with a number of cytoplasmic scaffold proteins, which can link the receptors to various signaling intermediates and intracellular effectors. The multicomponent nature of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways makes them ideally suited for regulation by scaffold proteins. This review focuses on several specific examples of G protein-coupled receptor-associated scaffolds and the roles they may play in organizing receptor-initiated signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system and other tissues.|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Arrestins/metabolism[MESH]|Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Macromolecular Substances[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Myocardium/metabolism[MESH]|Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Adrenergic/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists/chemistry/*metabolism[MESH]|beta-Arrestins[MESH] |