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lüll Glycemic index and heart disease Leeds ARAm J Clin Nutr 2002[Jul]; 76 (1): 286S-9SA diet high in carbohydrates with high glycemic indexes (GI) and glycemic load were linked to risk of coronary heart disease development in women in a large prospective study. Two cross-sectional studies showed that low-GI diets are associated with high HDL-cholesterol concentrations, especially in women. In a tightly controlled study of patients with type 2 diabetes, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations fell more significantly after a low-GI diet than after a high-GI diet. In the same study, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were reduced by 58% after the low-GI diet. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipocytes was significantly higher in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery after 4 wk of consuming a low-GI diet than after consuming a high-GI diet. The effects of low-GI diets may be mediated by changes in postprandial fatty acid concentrations or by hormonal signals from adipocytes, but a possible association of low-GI diets with some other dietary factor such as chromium must not be excluded. Proof of the clinical value of low-GI diets awaits prospective trials, which should include short-term observations covering periods of metabolic stress induced by surgery as well as long-term trials with clinical endpoints.|*Heart Diseases/epidemiology/etiology[MESH]|Adult[MESH]|Blood Glucose/*metabolism[MESH]|Coronary Disease/diet therapy/metabolism[MESH]|Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/diet therapy[MESH]|Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage/classification/*metabolism[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Food/*classification[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Insulin Resistance[MESH]|Lipids/blood[MESH]|Middle Aged[MESH]|Risk Factors[MESH] |