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lüll Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta: a novel regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and development Hardt SE; Sadoshima JCirc Res 2002[May]; 90 (10): 1055-63Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is a ubiquitously expressed constitutively active serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates cellular substrates and thereby regulates a wide variety of cellular functions, including development, metabolism, gene transcription, protein translation, cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. The activity of GSK-3beta is negatively regulated by protein kinase B/Akt and by the Wnt signaling pathway. Increasing lines of evidence show that GSK-3beta is an essential negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and that the inhibition of GSK-3beta by hypertrophic stimuli is an important mechanism contributing to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. GSK-3beta also plays an important role in regulating cardiac development. In this review, the role of GSK-3beta in cardiac hypertrophy and development and the potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.|*Zebrafish Proteins[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Apoptosis[MESH]|Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*physiology[MESH]|Cardiomegaly/*enzymology/etiology[MESH]|Cell Cycle[MESH]|Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure[MESH]|Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3[MESH]|Glycogen Synthase Kinases[MESH]|Heart/*embryology/growth & development[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Myocardium/*enzymology[MESH]|Protein Biosynthesis[MESH]|Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH]|Transcription Factors/metabolism[MESH]|Wnt Proteins[MESH] |