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lüll Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance Hall JLJ Exp Bot 2002[Jan]; 53 (366): 1-11Heavy metals such as Cu and Zn are essential for normal plant growth, although elevated concentrations of both essential and non-essential metals can result in growth inhibition and toxicity symptoms. Plants possess a range of potential cellular mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals and thus tolerance to metal stress. These include roles for the following: for mycorrhiza and for binding to cell wall and extracellular exudates; for reduced uptake or efflux pumping of metals at the plasma membrane; for chelation of metals in the cytosol by peptides such as phytochelatins; for the repair of stress-damaged proteins; and for the compartmentation of metals in the vacuole by tonoplast-located transporters. This review provides a broad overview of the evidence for an involvement of each mechanism in heavy metal detoxification and tolerance.|*Adaptation, Physiological[MESH]|Cell Wall/metabolism[MESH]|Chelating Agents/*metabolism[MESH]|Glutathione[MESH]|Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Inactivation, Metabolic[MESH]|Metalloproteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Metallothionein/metabolism[MESH]|Metals, Heavy/*metabolism/pharmacokinetics[MESH]|Phytochelatins[MESH]|Plant Roots/metabolism[MESH]|Vacuoles/metabolism[MESH] |