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lüll The transforming growth factor-betas: structure, signaling, and roles in nervous system development and functions Bottner M; Krieglstein K; Unsicker KJ Neurochem 2000[Dec]; 75 (6): 2227-40Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) are among the most widespread and versatile cytokines. Here, we first provide a brief overview of their molecular biology, biochemistry, and signaling. We then review distribution and functions of the three mammalian TGF-beta isoforms, beta1, beta2, and beta3, and their receptors in the developing and adult nervous system. Roles of TGF-betas in the regulation of radial glia, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia are addressed. Finally, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the roles of TGF-betas in controlling neuronal performances, including the regulation of proliferation of neuronal precursors, survival/death decisions, and neuronal differentiation.|Animals[MESH]|Cell Death[MESH]|Cell Differentiation[MESH]|Cell Division[MESH]|Cell Survival[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Morphogenesis[MESH]|Multigene Family[MESH]|Nervous System/embryology/*growth & development/*metabolism[MESH]|Neuroglia/metabolism[MESH]|Neurons/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism[MESH]|Signal Transduction/*physiology[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism[MESH] |