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lüll The role of B7 costimulation in T-cell immunity Harris NL; Ronchese FImmunol Cell Biol 1999[Aug]; 77 (4): 304-11CD4+ T cells are considered to be the major controlling element of the adaptive immune response. They recognize foreign peptides by interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide complexed to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Once activated, CD4+ T cells orchestrate the various phases of the immune response. They are responsible for the production of numerous cytokines, which activate specific immune effector cell populations including B cells, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages. Not surprisingly, the activation of CD4+ T cells needs to be tightly regulated and is subject to finely tuned control mechanisms. The requirement for a second or 'costimulatory' signal, in addition to the antigenic signal, provides a key element for the exquisite control of T cell activation. One of the major signalling pathways responsible for delivery of this costimulatory signal is induced by interaction of CD28 on T cells with B7 molecules found only on APC. The present review outlines our current understanding of the physiological role of B7 costimulatory signals in regulating CD4+ T cell responses.|*Immunoconjugates[MESH]|Abatacept[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Antibody Formation[MESH]|Antigens, CD/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism[MESH]|B7-1 Antigen/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|B7-2 Antigen[MESH]|CD28 Antigens/chemistry/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|CTLA-4 Antigen[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunologic Memory[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation[MESH]|Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/*immunology[MESH]|Th1 Cells/immunology[MESH]|Th2 Cells/immunology[MESH] |